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Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a rare neurogenetic disorder that affects approximately one in 15,000 people – about 500,000 individuals worldwide. Children and adults with Angelman Syndrome typically have balance issues, motor impairment and debilitating seizures. Some individuals never walk. Most do not speak. Disrupted sleep cycles also can be a serious challenge to the individual and caretaker(s). Individuals with Angelman Syndrome require continuous care and are unable to live independently. They have a normal life expectancy.
https://cureangelman.org.uk/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angelman-syndrome/
https://www.angelman.org/what-is-as/
https://www.angelmanuk.org/what-is-angelman-syndrome/
Anxiety disorder is an intense, excessive, and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations. Often, anxiety disorders involve repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks). There are several types of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and various phobia-related disorders.
Apraxia is the loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them. Apraxia results from dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, especially the parietal lobe (which is involved with movement coordination and processing sensations such as taste, hearing, and touch), and can arise from many diseases or damage to the brain. Treatment includes speech pathology, physical therapy and in some cases, technology can be used to assist with communication.
https://www.physio.co.uk/what-we-treat/neurological/conditions/apraxia.php
https://www.thebraincharity.org.uk/condition/apraxia/
https://www.stroke.org.uk/effects-of-stroke/problems-moving-or-controlling-your-body-apraxia
https://www.esht.nhs.uk/service/speech-and-language-therapy/patient-information-leaflets/information-about-acquired-speech-dyspraxia/
Asperger’s syndrome is technically no longer a diagnosis on its own. It is now part of a broader category called autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Young people with Asperger’s Syndrome have a difficult time relating to others socially and their behaviour and thinking patterns can be rigid and repetitive. People with Asperger syndrome see, hear, and feel the world differently to other people. Aspergers syndrome has no cure and is a lifelong disorder, however children and adults with Asperger live well and are able to enjoy life and do many things that neurotypical people can do.
https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism/asperger-syndrome
https://www.witherslackgroup.co.uk/
https://projectaspie.org.uk/
http://aspergerfoundation.org.uk/
https://www.actionforaspergers.org/
Atypical autism, also known as pervasive developmental disorder, was a diagnosis previously used to classify children who had some, but not all, of the symptoms of autism. Atypical autism sits somewhat outside of the current definition of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) when it comes to the way mental health professionals address the severity of the individual’s symptoms. To be diagnosed with ASD, children must have difficulties with both social communications skills and restricted, repetitive, or sensory behaviours.
https://www.senexpertsolicitors.co.uk/site/services/services-for-parents/special-educational-needs-types/atypical-autism/
https://www.autism.org.uk/
https://www.childautism.org.uk/
https://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/
https://autismuk.com/
Anxiety disorder is an intense, excessive, and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations. Often, anxiety disorders involve repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks). There are several types of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and various phobia-related disorders.
Attachment disorders are based on attachment theory, which is how we connect, trust, and attach ourselves to others. There are four types of attachment: secure attachment, anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and disorganised attachment. These disorders typically develop in childhood. They can result when a child is unable to have a consistent emotional connection with a parent or primary caregiver. There is no formal attachment disorder diagnosis for adults, however there is treatment for childhood attachment disorders which typically involve psychotherapy.
https://www.awp.nhs.uk/camhs/conditions/attachment
https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/child-health-development/attachment-early-years
https://www.priorygroup.com/young-peoples-services/attachment-disorder
https://www.teachwire.net/news/dealing-with-attachment-disorder-in-primary-children/
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder; it is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviours (may act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active. There is no single test to diagnose ADHD, and many other problems, like anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and certain types of learning disabilities, can have similar symptoms. In most cases, ADHD is best treated with a combination of behaviour therapy and medication.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/
https://adhduk.co.uk/
https://www.adhdfoundation.org.uk/
https://www.adhdadult.uk/
https://www.adhdcare.co.uk/
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease typically diagnosed during childhood; it is caused by differences in the brain. People with ASD often have problems with social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviours or interests. There are no definitive causes, research supports genetic and environmental factors as some causes of autism. Scientists believe there could be many different causes of ASD that act together to change the ways people develop. ASD is most often a lifelong condition that has no cure.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/what-is-autism/
https://www.childautism.org.uk/
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) is a disorder of the auditory (hearing) system that causes a disruption in the way that an individual’s brain understands what they are hearing. It is not a form of hearing loss. Symptoms vary from person to person, many of these symptoms can often be associated with other commonly known disorders, such as ADD/ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and speech and/or language disorders. Treatment includes therapy however, due to this gradual maturation, it is possible that a child who was diagnosed with APD before age 13 could essentially “grow out” of APD.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/auditory-processing-disorder/
https://apdsupportuk.yolasite.com/about-apd.php
https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/medical-information-0/auditory-processing-disorder/
https://www.specsavers.co.uk/ear-health/auditory-processing-disorder
https://www.ndcs.org.uk/information-and-support/childhood-deafness/causes-of-deafness/auditory-processing-disorder-apd/
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how one may feel, think, and act. Depression can occur at any time, but on average, it first appears during the late teens to mid-20s. Brain chemistry may contribute to an individual’s depression and may factor into their treatment. For this reason, antidepressants might be prescribed to help modify one’s brain chemistry. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been found to be effective in treating depression. On average most patients improve significantly when treatment is conducted.
https://www.depressionuk.org/
https://www.supportline.org.uk/problems/depression/
https://www.bupa.co.uk/health/health-insurance/mental-health/support/depression
https://www.samaritans.org/how-we-can-help/contact-samaritan/
http://www.shadowsdepressionsupportgroup.co.uk/
Cerebellar degeneration is deterioration (damage or death) of the nerve cells in the cerebellum. The cerebellum is located in the back of the brain and controls coordination in balance, standing, walking, speech, and muscle movements. Cerebellar atrophy can occur in cancer patients and as a result of alcohol use disorder. There is no cure for cerebellar degeneration and treatment usually depends on the underlying cause of your brain dysfunction.
https://www.msatrust.org.uk/
https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/alcohol-related-brain-damage-arbd
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. CP is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a person’s ability to control his or her muscles. The signs of CP vary greatly because there are many different types and levels of disability. The main sign that a child might have CP is a delay reaching motor or movement milestones (such as rolling over, sitting, standing, or walking). There is no cure for CP, but treatment can improve the lives of those who have the condition.
http://www.cerebralpalsy.org.uk/
https://actioncp.org/
https://www.cpteensuk.org/
https://councilfordisabledchildren.org.uk/work-us/membership/meet-our-members/action-cerebral-palsy
https://www.cerebralpalsyplus.org.uk/
Myalgic encephalomyelitis, also called chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS, is a long-term condition with a wide range of symptoms. The most common symptom is extreme tiredness. It causes extreme fatigue that lasts for at least six months. Symptoms worsen with physical or mental activity but don’t fully improve with rest. There is no known cause, but there are several theories: viral infections, such as glandular fever, bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, problems with the immune system, a hormone imbalance, an individual’s genes – as ME/CFS seems to be more common in certain families.
https://meassociation.org.uk/
https://www.actionforme.org.uk/
https://www.mesupport.co.uk/
https://www.royalfree.nhs.uk/services/services-a-z/fatigue-service/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-treatment/
https://www.friendswithme.org.uk/
Conduct disorder refers to a group of behavioural and emotional problems characterized by a disregard for others. Children with conduct disorder have a difficult time following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way. Research has found that children and teens with conduct disorder seem to have an impairment in the frontal lobe of the brain. This interferes with their ability to plan, avoid harm, and learn from negative experiences. Treatment includes various types of therapy such as behavioural-cognitive therapy, family therapy and peer group therapy.
https://www.blackcountryminds.com/help-advice/conduct-disorder/
https://thechildpsychologyservice.co.uk/diagnoses/conduct-disorders/
https://www.annafreud.org/on-my-mind/understanding-treatment-options/conduct-disorder/residential-treatment-cd/
https://www.communitycare.co.uk/
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition that affects a protein in the body. People who have cystic fibrosis have a faulty protein that affects the body’s cells, tissues, and the glands that make mucus and sweat. Symptoms usually start in early childhood and vary from child to child, but the condition gets slowly worse over time, with the lungs and digestive system becoming increasingly damaged. There is no cure for cystic fibrosis, but a range of treatments can help control the symptoms, prevent or reduce complications, and make the condition easier to live with.
https://www.cysticfibrosis.org.uk/
https://www.cysticfibrosiscare.org.uk/
https://www.cff.org/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cystic-fibrosis/
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. Fragile X syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 4,000 males and 1 in 8,000 females. Mutations in the FMR1 gene cause fragile X syndrome. The FMR1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called FMRP. This protein helps regulate the production of other proteins and plays a role in the development of synapses, which are specialized connections between nerve cells.
https://www.fragilex.org.uk/
https://www.hft.org.uk/resources-and-guidance/learning-disabilities-and-other-challenges/fragile-x-syndrome/
https://www.physio.co.uk/what-we-treat/learning-difficulties/fragile-x-syndrome.php
https://patient.info/doctor/fragile-x-syndrome
A developmental delay refers to a child who has not gained the developmental skills expected of him or her, compared to others of the same age. Delays may occur in the areas of motor function, speech, and language, cognitive, play, and social skills. There is no one cause for delays in development, but rather different factors. Although there is no cure for developmental delay, therapies directed to the specific area of delay are very effective in helping children catch up to their peers.
https://www.justonenorfolk.nhs.uk/child-development-additional-needs/additional-needs/finding-your-way-developmental-delay/
https://www.specialeducationalneeds.co.uk/global-developmental-delay.html
https://www.mencap.org.uk/learning-disability-explained/conditions/global-development-delay
https://contact.org.uk/help-for-families/information-advice-services/health-medical-information/all-about-diagnosis/developmental-delay/
https://sltforkids.co.uk/conditions-we-treat/developmental-delay/
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset) is characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin. Type 2 diabetes affects how the body uses sugar (glucose) for energy. Type 2 diabetes can be reduced with the help of regular exercise and a healthy diet.
https://www.diabetes.org.uk/
https://www.diabetes.co.uk/
https://www.childrenwithdiabetesuk.org/
https://oviva.com/uk/en/programmes/diabetes-support/
https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/risk-factors/diabetes
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. One factor that increases the risk for having a baby with Down syndrome is the mother’s age. Women who are 35 years or older when they become pregnant are more likely to have a pregnancy affected by Down syndrome than women who become pregnant at a younger age. Down syndrome is a lifelong condition.
https://www.downs-syndrome.org.uk/
https://downsyndromeuk.co.uk/
https://positiveaboutdownsyndrome.co.uk/
https://downsyndromedevelopment.org.uk/
Dyscalculia is a learning disorder that affects a person’s ability to understand number-based information and math. Individuals with dyscalculia struggle with numbers and math because their brains don’t process math-related concepts like the brains of individuals without this disorder. The cause is unknown however, experts do know that people with dyscalculia are more likely to have differences in certain areas of their brain. These differences seem to indicate less development and fewer connections between brain cells in those areas. The condition is treatable fore children as their brains are still developing, it is however not treatable for adults as their brains are fully developed.
https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/dyscalculia
https://www.nationalnumeracy.org.uk/what-numeracy/what-dyscalculia
https://www.dyscalculia.me.uk/
https://dynamomaths.co.uk/
http://www.dyscalculiaassociation.uk/
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Dyslexia results from individual differences in the parts of the brain that enable reading. It tends to run in families. Dyslexia appears to be linked to certain genes that affect how the brain processes reading and language. Though there’s no cure for dyslexia, early assessment, and intervention result in the best outcome.
https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/
https://www.dyslexia.uk.net/
https://dyslexiaaction.org.uk/
https://www.dyslexia-reading-well.com/schools-for-dyslexia-united-kingdom.html
https://www.dyslexia-inst.org.uk/
Dyspraxia, also known as developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), is a common disorder that affects movement and co-ordination. Many people with dyspraxia/DCD have difficulty organising themselves, their equipment, and their thoughts. Dyspraxia/DCD is the result of a disruption in the way that messages are passed between the brain and the body. The cause of this disruption is not yet clear although being born early, having a low birth weight and a family history of coordination difficulties increases the likelihood of someone having the condition.
https://dyspraxiafoundation.org.uk/
https://www.dyspraxiauk.com/dyspraxiafoundation.php
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder-dyspraxia-in-adults/
https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/dyslexia/neurodiversity-and-co-occurring-differences/dyspraxia
https://www.learningdisabilities.org.uk/learning-disabilities/a-to-z/d/dyspraxia
Echolalia is the repetition or echoing of words or sounds that you hear someone else say. It is an important step for language development in children. Echolalia can also be a sign of autism or developmental disability in children or neurological problems in adults. There are two types of echolalia: immediate and delayed. Treatment includes speech therapy or medication if the condition is caused by stress, depression and anxiety.
https://www.youngtalkers.co.uk/echolalia-what-do-i-do-if-my-child-is-doing-this/
https://teachingautism.co.uk/echolalia-in-autism-functional-and-non-functional/
https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/echolalia/
Epilepsy – also known as a seizure disorder – is a brain disorder that causes recurring seizures. Seizures can vary widely; some individuals may lose awareness during a seizure, but others don’t, some may stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure and others may repeatedly twitch their arms or legs, movements known as convulsions or spasms. Epilepsy has no identifiable cause in about half the individuals with the condition. In the other half, the condition may be traced to various factors.
https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/
https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/
https://epilepsyresearch.org.uk/
https://www.youngepilepsy.org.uk/
https://www.england.nhs.uk/rightcare/toolkits/epilepsy-toolkit/
Fine motor skills are actions requiring the use of small muscle groups to complete precise tasks. Gross motor skills are actions requiring the use of large muscle groups to complete tasks. A child may struggle with their fine and gross motor skills resulting in difficulty writing, buttoning up shirts, moving around and balancing. Prior to diagnoses and treatment, a child’s motor skills must be analysed.
https://www.physio.co.uk/what-we-treat/neurological/symptoms/movement-disorders/difficulty-with-fine-or-gross-motor-skills.php
https://www.otforkids.co.uk/problems-we-help/fine-motor-difficulties.php
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. Fragile X syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 4,000 males and 1 in 8,000 females. Mutations in the FMR1 gene cause fragile X syndrome. The FMR1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called FMRP. This protein helps regulate the production of other proteins and plays a role in the development of synapses, which are specialized connections between nerve cells.
https://www.fragilex.org.uk/
https://www.hft.org.uk/resources-and-guidance/learning-disabilities-and-other-challenges/fragile-x-syndrome/
https://www.physio.co.uk/what-we-treat/learning-difficulties/fragile-x-syndrome.php
https://patient.info/doctor/fragile-x-syndrome
Global development delay is when a child takes longer to reach certain development milestones than other children their age. This might include learning to walk or talk, movement skills, learning new things and interacting with others socially and emotionally. The most common causes of global developmental delay are chromosomal and/or genetic abnormalities, or abnormalities with the structure or development of the brain or spinal cord. Other causes include premature birth or infections, such as congenital rubella or meningitis. The cause has never been identified. There is no single treatment for global developmental delay, but there are therapies and interventions.
https://www.magicwordstherapy.co.uk/speech-therapy-for-children-with-global-developmental-delay
https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/your-hospital-visit/before-you-come-gosh/if-your-child-has-additional-needs/children-and-young-people-learning-disabilities/
Hearing impairment is the loss of hearing, which manifests in a loss of the ability to communicate with others delayed language development in children, which can lead to social isolation, loneliness, and frustration, particularly among older people with hearing loss. There are various ways in which hearing impairment can occur such as damage to the ear canal, aging, infection or unusual bone growth or tumours.
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/hearing-loss
https://www.hearinglink.org/
https://www.hear4u.co.uk/
https://www.hearingaidknow.com/
https://www.ndcs.org.uk/
Global development delay is when a child takes longer to reach certain development milestones than other children their age. This might include learning to walk or talk, movement skills, learning new things and interacting with others socially and emotionally. The most common causes of global developmental delay are chromosomal and/or genetic abnormalities, or abnormalities with the structure or development of the brain or spinal cord. Other causes include premature birth or infections, such as congenital rubella or meningitis. The cause has never been identified. There is no single treatment for global developmental delay, but there are therapies and interventions.
https://www.magicwordstherapy.co.uk/speech-therapy-for-children-with-global-developmental-delay
https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/your-hospital-visit/before-you-come-gosh/if-your-child-has-additional-needs/children-and-young-people-learning-disabilities/
High-functioning autism (HFA) was historically an autism classification where a person exhibits no intellectual disability, but may exhibit deficits in communication, emotion recognition and expression, and social interaction. The defining characteristic recognized by psychologists is a significant delay in the development of early speech and language skills before the age of three years. Like all people on the autism spectrum, people who are high functioning have a hard time with social interaction and communication. Treatment includes augmentative and alternative communication, speech–language therapy, occupational therapy, applied behavioural analysis (ABA), sensory integration therapy and neurofeedback. HFA is a lifelong condition that requires special care.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/autism/what-is-autism/
https://www.autism.org.uk/
https://www.childautism.org.uk/
https://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/
https://autismuk.com/
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain. This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull. Older individuals may have headaches, double vision, poor balance, urinary incontinence, personality changes, or mental impairment. In babies, it may be seen as a rapid increase in head size. The most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is aqueductal stenosis, which occurs when the narrow passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain is blocked or too narrow to allow sufficient cerebral spinal fluid to drain. Treatment may include surgery to drain excess fluid.
https://www.shinecharity.org.uk/hydrocephalus/hydrocephalus
https://www.headway.org.uk/about-brain-injury/individuals/types-of-brain-injury/hydrocephalus/
https://www.brainandspine.org.uk/health-information/fact-sheets/hydrocephalus-and-shunts/
https://www.hydroassoc.org/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hydrocephalus/treatment/
Moderate learning difficulties (MLD) occurs when the brain’s ability to comprehend information is impaired. This impairment can be caused by many factors, including genetic or biological causes, neurological disorders, sensory impairments, emotional problems, or environmental influences such as poverty, abuse, trauma, or neglect. Children with this condition have difficulty with reading, writing, arithmetic, and comprehension skills. Treatment includes behavioural therapy and early intervention.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/learning-disabilities/
https://independentandworkready.co.uk/pages/moderate-leaning-difficulties-disabilities-life-and-work
https://www.curamcare.com/blogs/about-learning-disabilities
https://cchp.nhs.uk/cchp/explore-cchp/specialist-service-children-learning-disabilities/learning-disability-sscld
Social anxiety disorder includes fear, anxiety and avoidance that interfere with relationships, daily routines, work, school, or other activities. Social anxiety disorder typically begins in the early to mid-teens, though it can sometimes start in younger children or in adults. Over time symptoms may change depending on stress, or changes in life to name a few. Treatment includes therapy to manage the disorder.
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/social-anxiety/
https://www.anxietyuk.org.uk/anxiety-type/social-anxiety/
https://www.icope.nhs.uk/kingston/problems-we-help-with/are-you-anxious-stressed-or-worried/social-anxiety/
https://socialanxietyalliance.org.uk/
https://patient.info/mental-health/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder
Multi-sensory impairment (MSI) is a combination of visual and auditory impairments which causes difficulty for individuals such as problems with balance and spatial awareness. The condition is very rare, particularly in children. There are an estimated 4,200 children with MSI in the United Kingdom. A huge range of conditions can cause MSI. There is no single or main cause.
https://www.sense.org.uk/information-and-advice/for-professionals/information-and-resources-for-healthcare-professionals/multi-sensory-impaired-children-in-hospital/
https://professionals.lincolnshire.gov.uk/special-educational-needs-disabilites/multi-sensory-impairment
https://www.solihull.gov.uk/children-and-family-support/localoffer/multi-sensory-impairment
https://www.bristol.gov.uk/sensory-support-service/multi-sensory-impairment-support
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/deafblindness/
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder that affects people of all ages and walks of life and occurs when a person gets caught in a cycle of obsessions and compulsions. The compulsion should be extreme and consume a lot of time. Doctors are unclear as to the cause of OCD, and there is no cure. Treatments such as therapy and medication can assist in managing the disorder.
https://www.ocduk.org/
https://www.anxietyuk.org.uk/anxiety-type/ocd/
https://www.bwrtuk.co.uk/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/
https://ocdaction.org.uk/
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/
Muscular dystrophies are a group of muscle diseases caused by mutations in an individual’s genes. Over time, muscle weakness decreases mobility, making everyday tasks difficult. There are many kinds of muscular dystrophy, each affecting specific muscle groups, with signs and symptoms appearing at different ages, and varying in severity. A difference in genes can cause muscular dystrophy such as the body may not make enough dystrophin, or it may not make it the right way, or it may not make it at all. There is no known cure for any of the muscular dystrophies, but there are treatments and therapies available.
https://www.musculardystrophyuk.org/
https://painuk.org/members/charities/muscular-dystrophy-campaign/
https://www.mda.org/disease/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy
https://www.duchenneuk.org/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/muscular-dystrophy/
Opposition defiant disorder is defined as a pattern of defiant and argumentative behaviour. Children with ODD can be verbally aggressive. However, they do not display physical aggressiveness, a behaviour observed in conduct disorder. The condition has various levels of severity depending on the number of settings the aggression takes place in such as: one setting, two settings or three settings wherein aggression was observed. Treatment is tailored for each individual child.
https://www.lanc.org.uk/related-conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder/
https://childmind.org/guide/quick-guide-to-oppositional-defiant-disorder/
https://www.annafreud.org/on-my-mind/understanding-treatment-options/conduct-disorder/residential-treatment-cd/
https://www.priorygroup.com/young-peoples-services/oppositional-defiant-disorder-odd
Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, is a common condition which principally affects motor co-ordination – the way the body organises and carries out movement-related tasks. There is no known cause for the condition. Treatment for dyspraxia is based around helping children to learn the skills they need, often through breaking down complex activities into simple ones.
https://patient.info/childrens-health/dyspraxia-developmental-co-ordination-disorder
https://www.dyspraxiatherapy.co.uk/therapy2.html
https://mgiep.unesco.org/article/about-dyspraxia
https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/
https://www.experia.co.uk/blog/helping-a-child-with-dyspraxia-through-multisensory-solutions/
Pathological demand avoidance (PDA) is a profile that describes those whose main characteristic is to avoid everyday demands and expectations to an extreme extent.
Pervasive developmental disorder. The underlying cause of demand avoidance in autistic children is said to be a high level of anxiety, usually from expectations of demands being placed on children, which can lead to a feeling of not being in control of a situation. No diagnostic criteria for the condition are available.
https://www.pdasociety.org.uk/
https://www.aspriscs.co.uk/news-blogs/understanding-pathological-demand-avoidance-pda/
https://www.stephstwogirls.co.uk/p/what-is-pda-pathological-demand.html
https://www.asdclinic.co.uk/conditions/pathological-demand-avoidance/index.php
Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) includes delays in how a child typically develops, their problems with socializing and communicating, trouble with routine changes, and repetitive movements and behaviours. The term is no longer used by medical professionals as PDD is seen as an aspect of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and treated as such.
https://www.childautism.org.uk/about-autism/what-is-pdd
https://www.senexpertsolicitors.co.uk/site/services/services-for-parents/special-educational-needs-types/pervasive-developmental-disorder/
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/autism-spectrum-disorder-asd
https://www.physio.co.uk/what-we-treat/learning-difficulties/pervasive-developmental-disorders.php
Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic condition that causes a wide range of physical symptoms, learning difficulties and behavioural challenges. Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by some missing genetic material in a group of genes on chromosome number 15. This affects the hypothalamus which affects growth and appetite. Prader-Willi syndrome itself is not life-threatening. But compulsive eating and weight gain can cause young adults with the syndrome to develop serious obesity-related conditions. There is no known cure, and treatment is used to maintain the condition.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prader-willi-syndrome/
https://www.pwsa.co.uk/
https://fpwr.org.uk/
https://www.thehythemedicalcentre.nhs.uk/conditions/prader-willi-syndrome/
Profound and multiple learning disability is an extreme learning disability that requires high levels of support. Individuals with the disability may have visual, auditory or both impairments. Some may be lifelong wheelchair users. Individuals with the condition may find it difficult to understand and use formal or verbal communication, and so rely on body language, facial expression, vocal sounds, and behaviour to communicate.
https://www.et-foundation.co.uk/professional-development/special-educational-needs-disabilities/specific-learning-differences-and-wellbeing/profound-and-multiple-learning-disabilities-pmld/
https://www.aboutlearningdisabilities.co.uk/what-pmld-profound-multiple-learning-disability.html
https://www.mencap.org.uk/
https://www.cornwallft.nhs.uk/profound-and-multiple-learning-disabilities/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/learning-disabilities/
Selective mutism is an anxiety disorder where a person is unable to speak in certain social situations, such as with classmates at school or to relatives they do not see very often. Experts regard selective mutism as a fear (phobia) of talking to certain people. The cause of selective mutism is unknown, but it is known to be linked with anxiety. Treatment does not focus on the speaking itself, but reducing the anxiety associated with speaking. With appropriate handling and treatment, most children are able to overcome selective mutism.
http://www.selectivemutism.org.uk/info-supporting-children-with-selective-mutism-advice-for-parents/
https://www.nelft.nhs.uk/camhs-selective-mutism/
https://sltforkids.co.uk/conditions-we-treat/selective-mutism/
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/selective-mutism/
Semantic Pragmatic Disorder (SPD) is a communication disorder. People with SPD often have difficulty processing information given to them and difficulties communicating in a socially appropriate way. A common sign of the condition is when children have problems with understanding what other people mean when they speak as well as problems with speaking themselves. Treatment includes speech therapy which is intended to assist children to gain confidence and understanding around communicating.
https://www.senexpertsolicitors.co.uk/site/services/services-for-parents/special-educational-needs-types/semantic-pragmatic-disorder/
https://www.aboutlearningdisabilities.co.uk/quick-guide-semantic-pragmatic-disorder.html
https://www.speechbuddy.com/blog/speech-disorders/semantic-pragmatic-language-disorder/
https://www.cambiangroup.com/media/1474467/Semantic-Pragmatic-Disorder.pdf
Sensory processing disorder (SPD) is a condition that affects how your brain processes sensory information (stimuli). Stimuli includes touch, sight, taste, hearing, and smell. Children who have SPD may overreact to sounds, clothing, and food textures. Or they may underreact to sensory input. This causes them to crave more intense thrill-seeking stimuli. There is no known cause of SPD, however a link between SPD and autism spectrum disorder is observed.
https://www.lincolnshirechildrenstherapyservices.nhs.uk/neurodevelopmental-difficulties/sensory-processing-difficulties
https://www.sensory-people.co.uk/
https://www.otforkids.co.uk/index.php
https://cerebra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/sensory-processing-low-res.pdf
https://sensorysurroundings.co.uk/blogs/news/understanding-sensory-processing-disorder-and-ways-to-support-your-child-s-sensory-needs-at-home
Profound and multiple learning disability is an extreme learning disability that requires high levels of support. Individuals with the disability may have visual, auditory or both impairments. Some may be lifelong wheelchair users. Individuals with the condition may find it difficult to understand and use formal or verbal communication, and so rely on body language, facial expression, vocal sounds, and behaviour to communicate.
https://www.et-foundation.co.uk/professional-development/special-educational-needs-disabilities/specific-learning-differences-and-wellbeing/profound-and-multiple-learning-disabilities-pmld/
https://www.aboutlearningdisabilities.co.uk/what-pmld-profound-multiple-learning-disability.html
https://www.mencap.org.uk/
https://www.cornwallft.nhs.uk/profound-and-multiple-learning-disabilities/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/learning-disabilities/
Severe learning difficulties is an individual’s extreme difficulty regarding basic awareness and understanding of themselves, of the people around them and of the world they live in. The condition is diagnosed at birth or when developmental delays are observed. The disorder is a life-long condition for the individual.
https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/learning-disabilities
https://www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk/special-educational-needs/types-of-sen/learning-difficulties
https://www.challengingbehaviour.org.uk/understanding-challenging-behaviour/what-is-challenging-behaviour/what-is-a-severe-learning-disability/
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex developmental disorder that affects multiple organ systems of the body. The condition is characterized by distinctive physical features (particularly coarse facial features that progress with age), developmental delay, cognitive impairment, behavioural abnormalities, sleep disturbance, and childhood-onset abdominal obesity. The condition occurs when a portion of the chromosome is missing or deleted. Treatment is extensive and requires several health care professionals.
Spina bifida is when a baby’s spine and spinal cord does not develop properly in the womb, causing a gap in the spine. In spina bifida, part of the neural tube does not develop or close properly, leading to defects in the spinal cord and bones of the spine. Most people with spina bifida are able to have surgery to close the opening in the spine. But the nervous system will usually already have been damaged, which can lead to problems. The cause of the disorder is not known. Treatment includes surgery, therapy, and assistive devices.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spina-bifida/
https://www.shinecharity.org.uk/
https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a1024195/spina-bifida
https://www.spinabifidaassociation.org/
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spina-bifida-information-for-parents/spina-bifida-information-for-parents
Sotos syndrome is a genetic condition that can affect any child, the syndrome is the result of a genetic mutation and can result in growth abnormalities, distinct physical features, and issues with cognitive functions. Since the condition affects a child’s central nervous system, they may face developmental milestone delays during their first few years. Early intervention for developmental delays and other symptoms related to the syndrome may help children reach their full potential.
https://childgrowthfoundation.org/conditions/sotos-syndrome/
https://sotossyndrome.co.uk/
https://www.senexpertsolicitors.co.uk/site/services/services-for-parents/special-educational-needs-types/sotos-syndrome/
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord
https://www.genomicseducation.hee.nhs.uk/genotes/knowledge-hub/sotos-syndrome/
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a condition of the nervous system, which causes “tics”. Tics are sudden twitches, movements, or sounds that people do repeatedly. The cause of the syndrome is unknown; however, research suggests it is an inherited genetic condition. Although there is no cure for TS, there are treatments available to help manage the tics. Many people with TS have tics that do not get in the way of their daily life and, therefore, do not need any treatment.
https://www.tourettes-action.org.uk/
https://tic-yorkshire.co.uk/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tourettes-syndrome/
Visual impairment is a term experts use to describe any kind of vision loss, whether it’s someone who cannot see at all or someone who has partial vision loss. Although impairment of vision can occur at any point in life, it is more common among the elderly. Some babies have congenital blindness, which means they are visually impaired at birth. Congenital blindness can be caused by a number of things — it can be inherited, for instance, or caused by an infection.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vision-loss/
https://www.sense.org.uk/information-and-advice/conditions/blindness-and-visual-impairment/
https://www.partsight.org.uk/
https://www.look-uk.org/
https://www.victa.org.uk/
Visual processing disorder (VPD) can cause issues with the way the brain processes visual information. Individuals with (VPD) are overall slower readers and usually with below grade-level comprehension rates. Symptoms of the disorder include trouble drawing or copying, inability to detect differences in shapes or letters, and letter reversals. The condition is life-long, and individuals do not “grow out” of it, however they may develop compensatory techniques to overcome the challenge.
https://www.orthoptics.org.uk/resources/clinical-advisory-group/visual-processing-difficulties-clinical-advisory-group/
https://www.readandspell.com/visual-processing-disorders
https://www.dyslexiacentrenorthwest.co.uk/visual-processing-difficulties/
https://slam.nhs.uk/service-detail/service/visual-perceptual-disorder-service-275/
https://www.otforkids.co.uk/problems-we-help/visual-perception-difficulties.php
West syndrome also known as Infantile Spasms Syndrome is considered an epileptic encephalopathy, condition in which children have both seizures and cognitive and developmental impairments. Sometimes infantile spasms are caused by an injury to the brain. Other times, they are caused by developmental anomalies of brain structure. As well as genetic mutations or metabolic disorders. Treatment involves removing the infantile spasms completely. The spasms usually stop by age 5, but they may be replaced by other types of seizures.
https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/west-syndrome-infantile-spasms
https://ukinfantilespasmstrust.org/
https://patient.info/doctor/wests-syndrome-infantile-spasms
https://www.justgiving.com/ukinfantilespasmstrust
https://downsyndromeuk.co.uk/health/infantile-spasms/
Worster-Drought syndrome (WDS) is a type of cerebral palsy (movement disorder) that affects the muscles around the mouth and throat. This causes problems with swallowing, feeding, talking, dribbling and other actions controlled by these muscles. The syndrome is caused by an abnormality in the part of the brain which normally controls the mouth and throat muscle. Because of the multi-faceted nature of difficulties, a multidisciplinary treatment approach is essential.
https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/worster-drought-syndrome/
https://contact.org.uk/conditions/worster-drought-syndrome/
https://wdssg.org/
https://geneticalliance.org.uk/member/worster-drought-syndrome-support-group/
https://www.senexpertsolicitors.co.uk/site/services/services-for-parents/special-educational-needs-types/worster-drought-syndrome/